How to explain the erotic sculptures on some temples? Note that this is cited by psecularatti as a defence of Wendy's porno.
I have no explanations to offer as to the erotic sculptures which occur on Hindu temples.
I submit my conjecture on one of the reasons why erotic sculptures occur on Hindu temples. Art was an expression or representation of human passions.
It is from Vatsyayana's Kamasutra listing of 64 arts studied by youth, that I was able to define the meaning of one of the 64 arts -- म्लेच्छित विकल्प mlecchita vikalpa 'cryptography' (lit. alternative representation by mleccha) -- for writing Mleccha, So, I went on to outline the cipher of Indus writing as Meluhha (mleccha) hieroglyphs. Two other arts in the list of Vatsyayana related to language or communication are: अक्षर मुष्टिक कथनं , देशभाषा ज्ञानम् (communication through finger-wrist gestures, knowledge of vernaculars).
The 64 Arts Of The Kama Sutra are:-
1. Singing
2. Playing a musical instrument
3. Dancing
4. A combination of singing, using musical instruments and dancing
5. Writing and drawing
6.The Art of Tattooing
7.Adorning an idol with flowers
8. The art of spreading flowers on a bed or on the ground
9. Coloring fabrics, nail and body with colors from plants
10. Fixing colored glass tiles on floor
11.The art of making a bed
12.Producing music by striking glasses of water
13. The art of storing water in reservoirs
14. The art of picture making and decorating
15. Making rosaries, necklaces, garlands
16. Tying turbans
17. Stage playing
18. The art of making ear ornaments
19. The art of making perfumes
20. Proper care of jewels, decorations and ornaments
21. Magic (sorcery)
22. Manual skills
23. Cooking (culinary skills)
24. Making combination drinks and flavored drinks i.e.– lemonades, sherbet etc
25. Tailoring and sewing
26. Making handicrafts e.g.– parrots, flowers etc. from thread
27. Skilsl to solve riddles, puzzles and covert speeches
28. The skill of Antakshari (a singing game were one must start with the letter with which other person’s song ended)
29. The skill of imitating natural sounds
30. Reading, chanting and intoning
31. Mastering tongue twisters
32. Skills at martial arts (the skills to use sword, stick, bow and arrow)
33. Skill to reach logical conclusions based on given facts
34. Carpentry
35. Architecture
36. Knowledge about gold, silver and gems
37. Chemistry (knowledge of properties of materials)
38. The art of coloring jewels or beads
39. Knowledge of mines
40. Gardening
41.The art of cock fighting (getting cocks, quail or rams to fight and make the fowl/animal victorious)
42.Teaching parrots or starlings to talk
43.Applying perfumes on body and hair
44. Understanding of code language
45. Spoonerism (purposefully interchanging position of letters of words while speaking)
46. Knowledge of languages
47. Knowledge of making flower chariots
48. Knowledge of making mystical graphics, spells and charms and ways to avoid spells
49.Mental exercises
50. Composing poems
51. Knowledge of dictionaries and vocabulary
52. The art of impersonation
53. Impersonation of materials i.e.– make common things appear fine rare substances (make cotton appear to be silk)
54. Knowledge of gambling
55. Using mantras (enchantments) to take away others’ possession
56.Skills in sports and games
57.The art of social conduct, paying respect and sending compliments
58. Knowledge of war, arms and army deployment
59. Knowledge of gymnastics
60. The skills of knowing a person’s real character from his conduct
61. The skill of reading and composing verses
62. The skills of enjoying arithmetic puzzles
63. Making artificial flowers
64. Making images with clay
2. Playing a musical instrument
3. Dancing
4. A combination of singing, using musical instruments and dancing
5. Writing and drawing
6.The Art of Tattooing
7.Adorning an idol with flowers
8. The art of spreading flowers on a bed or on the ground
9. Coloring fabrics, nail and body with colors from plants
10. Fixing colored glass tiles on floor
11.The art of making a bed
12.Producing music by striking glasses of water
13. The art of storing water in reservoirs
14. The art of picture making and decorating
15. Making rosaries, necklaces, garlands
16. Tying turbans
17. Stage playing
18. The art of making ear ornaments
19. The art of making perfumes
20. Proper care of jewels, decorations and ornaments
21. Magic (sorcery)
22. Manual skills
23. Cooking (culinary skills)
24. Making combination drinks and flavored drinks i.e.– lemonades, sherbet etc
25. Tailoring and sewing
26. Making handicrafts e.g.– parrots, flowers etc. from thread
27. Skilsl to solve riddles, puzzles and covert speeches
28. The skill of Antakshari (a singing game were one must start with the letter with which other person’s song ended)
29. The skill of imitating natural sounds
30. Reading, chanting and intoning
31. Mastering tongue twisters
32. Skills at martial arts (the skills to use sword, stick, bow and arrow)
33. Skill to reach logical conclusions based on given facts
34. Carpentry
35. Architecture
36. Knowledge about gold, silver and gems
37. Chemistry (knowledge of properties of materials)
38. The art of coloring jewels or beads
39. Knowledge of mines
40. Gardening
41.The art of cock fighting (getting cocks, quail or rams to fight and make the fowl/animal victorious)
42.Teaching parrots or starlings to talk
43.Applying perfumes on body and hair
44. Understanding of code language
45. Spoonerism (purposefully interchanging position of letters of words while speaking)
46. Knowledge of languages
47. Knowledge of making flower chariots
48. Knowledge of making mystical graphics, spells and charms and ways to avoid spells
49.Mental exercises
50. Composing poems
51. Knowledge of dictionaries and vocabulary
52. The art of impersonation
53. Impersonation of materials i.e.– make common things appear fine rare substances (make cotton appear to be silk)
54. Knowledge of gambling
55. Using mantras (enchantments) to take away others’ possession
56.Skills in sports and games
57.The art of social conduct, paying respect and sending compliments
58. Knowledge of war, arms and army deployment
59. Knowledge of gymnastics
60. The skills of knowing a person’s real character from his conduct
61. The skill of reading and composing verses
62. The skills of enjoying arithmetic puzzles
63. Making artificial flowers
64. Making images with clay
“A public woman, endowed with a good disposition, beauty and other winning qualities, and also versed in the above arts, obtains the name of a Ganika, or public woman of high quality, and receives a seat of honour in an assemblage of men.She is, moreover, always respected by the king, and praised by learned men, and her favour being sought for by all, she becomes an object of universal regard. The daughter of a king too as well as the daughter of a minister, being learned in the above arts, can make their husbands favorable to them, even though these may have thousands of other wives besides themselves.If a wife becomes separated from her husband, and falls into distress, she can support herself easily, even in a foreign country, by means of her knowledge of these arts. Even the bare knowledge of them gives attractiveness to a woman, though the practice of them may be only possible or otherwise according to the circumstances of each case.A man who is versed in these arts, who is loquacious and acquainted with the arts of gallantry, gains very soon the hearts of women, even though he is only acquainted with them for a short time.”
Kalyanaraman
Page of edition: 27
Sentence: 1 dʰarmārtʰāṅgavidyākālān anuparodʰayan kāmasūtraṃ tadaṅgavidyāś ca puruṣo 'dʰīyīta //
dʰarma^artʰa^aṅgavidyā-kālān anuparodʰayan kāmasūtraṃ tad-aṅgavidyāś ca puruṣo +adʰīyīta //
Sentence: 2 prāgyauvanāt strī / prattā ca patyur abʰiprāyāt /
prāg-yauvanāt strī / prattā ca patyur abʰiprāyāt /
Sentence: 3 yoṣitāṃ śāstragrahaṇasyābʰāvād anartʰakam iha śāstre strīśāsanam ity ācāryāḥ //
yoṣitāṃ śāstra-grahaṇasya^abʰāvād anartʰakam iha śāstre strī-śāsanam ity ācāryāḥ //
Page of edition: 28
Sentence: 4 prayogagrahaṇaṃ tv āsām / prayogasya ca śāstrapūrvakatvād iti vātsyāyanaḥ //
prayoga-grahaṇaṃ tv āsām / prayogasya ca śāstra-pūrvakatvād iti vātsyāyanaḥ //
Sentence: 5 tan na kevalam ihaiva / sarvatra hi loke kati cid eva śāstrajñāḥ / sarvajanaviṣayaś caprayogaḥ //
tan na kevalam iha^eva / sarvatra hi loke kati cid eva śāstrajñāḥ / sarvajana-viṣayaś ca prayogaḥ //
Sentence: 6 prayogasya ca dūrastʰam api śāstram eva hetuḥ //
prayogasya ca dūrastʰam api śāstram eva hetuḥ //
Page of edition: 29
Sentence: 7 asti vyākaraṇam ity avaiyākaraṇā api yājñikā ūhaṃ kratuṣu prayuñjate //
asti vyākaraṇam ity avaiyākaraṇā api yājñikā ūhaṃ kratuṣu prayuñjate //
Sentence: 8 asti jyautiṣam iti puṇyāheṣu karma kurvate //
asti jyautiṣam iti puṇya^aheṣu karma kurvate //
Sentence: 9 tatʰāśvārohā gajārohāś cāśvān gajāṃś cānadʰigataśāstrā api vinayante //
tatʰā^aśva^ārohā gaja^ārohāś ca^aśvān gajāṃś ca^anadʰigata-śāstrā api vinayante //
Sentence: 10 tatʰāsti rājeti dūrastʰā api janapadā na maryādām ativartante tadvad etat //
tatʰā^asti rājā^iti dūrastʰā api janapadā na maryādām ativartante tadvad etat //
Page of edition: 30
Sentence: 11 santy api kʰalu śāstraprahatabuddʰayo gaṇikā rājaputryo mahāmātraduhitaraś ca //
santy api kʰalu śāstra-prahata-buddʰayo gaṇikā rājaputryo mahāmātra-duhitaraś ca //
Sentence: 12 tasmād vaiśvāsikāj janād rahasi prayogāñ cʰāstram ekadeśaṃ vā strī gr̥hṇīyāt //
tasmād vaiśvāsikāj janād rahasi prayogāñ cʰāstram ekadeśaṃ vā strī gr̥hṇīyāt //
Sentence: 13 abʰyāsaprayojyāṃś ca cātuḥṣaṣṭikān yogān kanyā rahasy ekākiny abʰyaset //
abʰyāsa-prayojyāṃś ca cātuḥṣaṣṭikān yogān kanyā rahasy ekākiny abʰyaset //
Sentence: 14 ācāryās tu kanyānāṃ pravr̥ttapuruṣasaṃprayogā sahasaṃpravr̥ddʰā dʰātreyikā / tatʰābʰūtāvā niratyayasaṃbʰāṣaṇā sakʰī / savayāś ca mātr̥ṣvasā / visrabdʰā tatstʰānīyā vr̥ddʰadāsī / pūrvasaṃsr̥ṣṭāvā bʰikṣukī / svasā ca viśvāsaprayogāt //
ācāryās tu kanyānāṃ pravr̥tta-puruṣa-saṃprayogā saha-saṃpravr̥ddʰā dʰātreyikā / tatʰā-bʰūtā vā niratyaya-saṃbʰāṣaṇā sakʰī / savayāś ca mātr̥ṣvasā / visrabdʰā tat-stʰānīyā vr̥ddʰa-dāsī / pūrva-saṃsr̥ṣṭā vā bʰikṣukī /svasā ca viśvāsa-prayogāt //
Sentence: 15 gītaṃ, vādyaṃ, nr̥tyaṃ, ālekʰyaṃ, viśeṣakaccʰedyaṃ, taṇḍulakusumavalivikārāḥ,puṣpāstaraṇaṃ, daśanavasanāṅgarāgaḥ, maṇibʰūmikākarma, śayanaracanam, udakavādyam,udakāgʰātaḥ, citrāś ca yogāḥ, mālyagratʰanavikalpāḥ, śekʰarakāpīḍayojanaṃ, nepatʰyaprayogāḥ,karṇapattrabʰaṅgāḥ, gandʰayuktiḥ, bʰūṣaṇayojanam, Page of edition: 32 aindrajālāḥ, kaucumārāś ca yogāḥ,hastalāgʰavaṃ, vicitraśākayūṣabʰakṣyavikārakriyā, pānakarasarāgāsavayojanaṃ, sūcīvānakarmāṇi,sūtrakrīḍā, vīṇāḍamarukavādyāni, prahelikā, pratimālā, durvācakayogāḥ, pustakavācanaṃ,nāṭakākʰyāyikādarśanaṃ, kāvyasamasyāpūraṇaṃ, paṭṭikā*vetravāna [Ch: vāna.vetra]vikalpāḥ,takṣakarmāṇi, takṣaṇaṃ, vāstuvidyā, rūpya*ratna [Ch omits] parīkṣā, dʰātuvādaḥ,maṇirāgākarajñānaṃ, vr̥kṣāyurvedayogāḥ, meṣakukkuṭalāvakayuddʰavidʰiḥ, śukasārikāpralāpanam,utsādane saṃvāhane keśamardane ca kauśalyaṃ [Ch: kauśalaṃ], akṣaramuṣṭikākatʰanaṃ,mleccʰitavikalpāḥ, deśabʰāṣāvijñānaṃ, puṣpaśakaṭikā, nimittajñānaṃ, yantramātr̥kā, dʰāraṇamātr̥kā,saṃpātʰyaṃ, mānasī, kāvyakriyā, abʰidʰāna*koṣaḥ [Ch: kāṣaḥ], cʰandojñānaṃ, kriyākalpaḥ,cʰalitakayogāḥ, vastragopanāni, *dyūtiviśeṣāḥ [Ch: dyūtaviśeṣaḥ], ākarṣakrīḍā, bālakrīḍanakāni,vainayikīnāṃ Page of edition: 33 vaijayikīnāṃ vyāyāmikīnāṃ ca vidyānāṃ jñānam, iti catuḥṣaṣṭiraṅgavidyāḥ kāmasūtrasyāvayavinyaḥ //
gītaṃ, vādyaṃ, nr̥tyaṃ, ālekʰyaṃ, viśeṣakaccʰedyaṃ, taṇḍula-kusuma-vali-vikārāḥ, puṣpa^āstaraṇaṃ,daśana-vasana^aṅga-rāgaḥ, maṇi-bʰūmikā-karma, śayana-racanam, udaka-vādyam, udaka^āgʰātaḥ, citrāś cayogāḥ, mālya-gratʰana-vikalpāḥ, śekʰarakā-pīḍa-yojanaṃ, nepatʰya-prayogāḥ, karṇa-pattra-bʰaṅgāḥ, gandʰa-yuktiḥ, bʰūṣaṇa-yojanam, Page of edition: 32 aindrajālāḥ, kaucumārāś ca yogāḥ, hasta-lāgʰavaṃ, vicitra-śāka-yūṣa-bʰakṣya-vikāra-kriyā, pānaka-rasa-rāga^āsava-yojanaṃ, sūcīvāna-karmāṇi, sūtra-krīḍā, vīṇā-ḍamaruka-vādyāni, prahelikā, pratimālā, durvācakayogāḥ, pustaka-vācanaṃ, nāṭaka^ākʰyāyikā-darśanaṃ, kāvya-samasyā-pūraṇaṃ, paṭṭikā-*vetra-vāna[cʰ:vāna.vetra]-vikalpāḥ, takṣa-karmāṇi, takṣaṇaṃ, vāstu-vidyā, rūpya-*ratna [cʰ omits] -parīkṣā, dʰātu-vādaḥ, maṇi-rāga^ākara-jñānaṃ, vr̥kṣāyurveda-yogāḥ, meṣa-kukkuṭa-lāvaka-yuddʰa-vidʰiḥ, śuka-sārikā-pralāpanam, utsādane saṃvāhane keśa-mardane ca kauśalyaṃ[cʰ:kauśalaṃ],akṣara-muṣṭikā-katʰanaṃ, mleccʰita-vikalpāḥ, deśa-bʰāṣā-vijñānaṃ, puṣpa-śakaṭikā, nimitta-jñānaṃ, yantra-mātr̥kā, dʰāraṇa-mātr̥kā, saṃpātʰyaṃ, mānasī, kāvya-kriyā, abʰidʰāna-*koṣaḥ[cʰ:kāṣaḥ], cʰando-jñānaṃ, kriyā-kalpaḥ, cʰalitaka-yogāḥ, vastra-gopanāni, *dyūti-viśeṣāḥ [Ch.: dyūta-viśeṣaḥ], ākarṣa-krīḍā, bāla-krīḍanakāni,vainayikīnāṃ Page of edition: 33 vaijayikīnāṃ vyāyāmikīnāṃ ca vidyānāṃ jñānam, iti catuḥṣaṣṭir aṅgavidyāḥkāmasūtrasya^avayavinyaḥ //
16 pāñcālikī ca catuḥṣaṣṭir aparā / tasyāḥ prayogān anvavetya sāṃprayogike vakṣyāmaḥ /kāmasya tadātmakatvāt //
pāñcālikī ca catuḥṣaṣṭir aparā / tasyāḥ prayogān anvavetya sāṃprayogike vakṣyāmaḥ / kāmasya tad-ātmakatvāt //
Sentence: 17a ābʰir abʰyuccʰritā veśyā śīlarūpaguṇānvitā /
ābʰir abʰyuccʰritā veśyā śīla-rūpa-guṇa^anvitā /
Sentence: 17b labʰate gaṇikāśabdaṃ stʰānaṃ ca janasaṃsadi //
labʰate gaṇikā-śabdaṃ stʰānaṃ ca janasaṃsadi //
Page of edition: 42
Sentence: 18a pūjitā sā sadā rājñā guṇavadbʰiś ca saṃstutā /
pūjitā sā sadā rājñā guṇavadbʰiś ca saṃstutā /
Sentence: 18b prārtʰanīyābʰigamyā ca lakṣyabʰūtā ca jāyate //
prārtʰanīyā^abʰigamyā ca lakṣya-bʰūtā ca jāyate //
Sentence: 19a yogajñā rājaputrī ca mahāmātrasutā tatʰā /
yogajñā rājaputrī ca mahāmātra-sutā tatʰā /
Sentence: 19b sahasra*antaḥpunar [Ch: antaḥpuram] api svavaśe kurute patim //
sahasra-*antaḥpunar [Ch: antaḥpuram] api svavaśe kurute patim //
Sentence: 20a tatʰā pativiyoge ca vyasanaṃ dāruṇaṃ gatā /
tatʰā pativiyoge ca vyasanaṃ dāruṇaṃ gatā /
Sentence: 20b deśāntare 'pi vidyābʰiḥ sā sukʰenaiva jīvati //
deśa^antare +api vidyābʰiḥ sā sukʰena^eva jīvati //
Sentence: 21a naraḥ kalāsu kuśalo vācālaś cāṭukārakaḥ /
naraḥ kalāsu kuśalo vācālaś cāṭukārakaḥ /
Sentence: 21b asaṃstuto 'pi nārīṇāṃ cittam āśv eva vindati //
asaṃstuto +api nārīṇāṃ cittam āśv eva vindati //
Sentence: 22a kalānāṃ grahanād eva saubʰāgyam upajāyate /
kalānāṃ grahanād eva saubʰāgyam upajāyate /
Sentence: 22b deśakālau tv apekṣyāsāṃ prayogaḥ saṃbʰaven na vā //
deśa-kālau tv apekṣya^āsāṃ prayogaḥ saṃbʰaven na vā //
CHAPTER III
ON THE ARTS AND SCIENCES TO BE STUDIED
MAN should study the Kama Sutra and the arts and sciences subordinate thereto, in addition to the study of the arts and sciences contained in Dharma and Artha. Even young maids should study this Kama Sutra along with its arts and sciences before marriage, and after it they should continue to do so with the consent of their husbands.Here some learned men object, and say that females, not being allowed to study any science, should not study the Kama Sutra.
But Vatsyayana is of opinion that this objection does not hold good, for women already know the practice of Kama Sutra, and that practice is derived from the Kama Shastra, or the science of Kama itself. Moreover, it is not only in this but in many other cases that, though the practice of a science is known to all, only a few persons are acquainted with the rules and laws on which the science is based. Thus the Yadnikas or sacrificers, though ignorant of grammar, make use of appropriate words when addressing the different Deities, and do not know how these words are framed. Again, persons do the duties required of them on auspicious days, which are fixed by astrology, though they are not acquainted with the science of astrology. In a like manner riders of horses and elephants train these animals without knowing the science of training animals, but from practice only. And similarly the people of the most distant provinces obey the laws of the kingdom from practice, and because there is a king over them, and without further reason. 1 And from experience we find that some women, such as daughters of princes and their ministers, and public women, are actually versed in the Kama Shastra.
A female, therefore, should learn the Kama Shastra, or at least a part of it, by studying its practice from some confidential friend. She should study alone in private the sixty-four practices that form a part of the Kama Shastra. Her teacher should be one of the following persons: the daughter of a nurse brought up with her and already married, 2 or a female friend who can be trusted in everything, or the sister of her mother (i.e. her aunt), or an old female servant, or a female beggar who may have formerly lived in the family, or her own sister who can always be trusted.
The following are the arts to be studied, together with the Kama Sutra:
- Singing
- Playing on musical instruments
- Dancing
- Union of dancing, singing, and playing instrumental music
- Writing and drawing
- Tattooing
- Arraying and adorning an idol with rice and flowers
- Spreading and arranging beds or couches of flowers, or flowers upon the ground
- Colouring the teeth, garments, hair, nails and bodies, i.e. staining, dyeing, colouring and painting the same
- Fixing stained glass into a floor
- The art of making beds, and spreading out carpets and cushions for reclining
- Playing on musical glasses filled with water
- Storing and accumulating water in aqueducts, cisterns and reservoirs
- Picture making, trimming and decorating
- Stringing of rosaries, necklaces, garlands and wreaths
- Binding of turbans and chaplets, and making crests and top-knots of flowers
- Scenic representations, stage playing Art of making ear ornaments Art of preparing perfumes and odours
- Proper disposition of jewels and decorations, and adornment in dress
- Magic or sorcery
- Quickness of hand or manual skill
- Culinary art, i.e. cooking and cookery
- Making lemonades, sherbets, acidulated drinks, and spirituous extracts with proper flavour and colour
- Tailor's work and sewing
- Making parrots, flowers, tufts, tassels, bunches, bosses, knobs, etc., out of yarn or thread
- Solution of riddles, enigmas, covert speeches, verbal puzzles and enigmatical questions
- A game, which consisted in repeating verses, and as one person finished, another person had to commence at once, repeating another verse, beginning with the same letter with which the last speaker's verse ended, whoever failed to repeat was considered to have lost, and to be subject to pay a forfeit or stake of some kind
- The art of mimicry or imitation
- Reading, including chanting and intoning
- Study of sentences difficult to pronounce. It is played as a game chiefly by women, and children and consists of a difficult sentence being given, and when repeated quickly, the words are often transposed or badly pronounced
- Practice with sword, single stick, quarter staff and bow and arrow
- Drawing inferences, reasoning or inferring
- Carpentry, or the work of a carpenter
- Architecture, or the art of building
- Knowledge about gold and silver coins, and jewels and gems
- Chemistry and mineralogy
- Colouring jewels, gems and beads
- Knowledge of mines and quarries
- Gardening; knowledge of treating the diseases of trees and plants, of nourishing them, and determining their ages
- Art of cock fighting, quail fighting and ram fighting
- Art of teaching parrots and starlings to speak
- Art of applying perfumed ointments to the body, and of dressing the hair with unguents and perfumes and braiding it
- The art of understanding writing in cypher, and the writing of words in a peculiar way
- The art of speaking by changing the forms of words. It is of various kinds. Some speak by changing the beginning and end of words, others by adding unnecessary letters between every syllable of a word, and so on
- Knowledge of language and of the vernacular dialects
- Art of making flower carriages
- Art of framing mystical diagrams, of addressing spells and charms, and binding armlets
- Mental exercises, such as completing stanzas or verses on receiving a part of them; or supplying one, two or three lines when the remaining lines are given indiscriminately from different verses, so as to make the whole an entire verse with regard to its meaning; or arranging the words of a verse written irregularly by separating the vowels from the consonants, or leaving them out altogether; or putting into verse or prose sentences represented by signs or symbols. There are many other such exercises.
- Composing poems
- Knowledge of dictionaries and vocabularies
- Knowledge of ways of changing and disguising the appearance of persons
- Knowledge of the art of changing the appearance of things, such as making cotton to appear as silk, coarse and common things to appear as fine and good
- Various ways of gambling
- Art of obtaining possession of the property of others by means of muntras or incantations
- Skill in youthful sports
- Knowledge of the rules of society, and of how to pay respect and compliments to others
- Knowledge of the art of war, of arms, of armies, etc.
- Knowledge of gymnastics
- Art of knowing the character of a man from his features
- Knowledge of scanning or constructing verses
- Arithmetical recreations
- Making artificial flowers
- Making figures and images in clay
Footnotes
1 The author wishes to prove that a great many things are done by people from practice and custom, without their being acquainted with the reason of things, or the laws on which they are based, and this is perfectly true.2 The proviso of being married applies to all the teachers.
http://www.sacred-texts.com/sex/kama/kama103.htm (Richard Burton's translation)