Coastal Vedda elder, Palchenai |
Coastal Veddas, such as these of Panichankerny, speak Tamil yet still cherish their ancestral identity as hunter-gatherers. |
A point of view attempting to define a 'nation' by a political scientist. There is another definition whih goes beyond the nation; it is rāṣṭram, a geographical-demographic construct, a gestalt, which could lead to the creation of an Indian Ocean Community (IOC) -- a lighted path for people living their lives as per the tenets of dharma.
Kalyanaraman
08th August 2013 07:25 AM
The Pakistani political leader Khan Abdul Wali Khan (son of Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan) was asked few years ago by a journalist: “Are you a Pakistani, a Muslim or a Pathan?” Wali Khan replied that he combined all three. The journalist persisted and asked Wali Khan what his primary identity was. Khan responded, “I am a Pakistani for 30 years, a Muslim for 1400 years and a Pathan for 5000 years”. The multiple identities of South Asians, an intrinsic feature of the socio-cultural profile of the region, have made the study of nation-building an exciting and fascinating exercise.
Political scientists use the term state and nation as synonymous and this semantic confusion has caused incalculable harm. The contemporary world consists of states, not nation states. A study of the world’s 132 states in 1971 found that only 12 (9 per cent) could justifiably be called nation states in the sense that the territorial limits were coterminous with the distribution of a particular national group. The comment made by Massimo d’ Azeglio, with special reference to Italy after unification, holds true of most of the South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, “We have made Italy, now we must make Italians.”
Two initial propositions are in order. They can be considered yardsticks for the success of nation-building in multi-ethnic societies. First, the political system should provide sufficient space for minorities to preserve, foster and promote their distinct identities while being an integral part of a united country. Second, a federal polity with entrenched provisions for sharing powers between the Centre and states can lead to softening of secessionist demands.
Two illustrations, one a success story from India and second a tragic narrative from Sri Lanka, both relating to Tamil minority groups, hold important lessons. What is interesting to note are differing political developments and contrasting responses on the questions of ethnicity and nation-building.
Scholars working on the Dravidian movement are unanimous in highlighting critical milestones in its growth — the formation of the Justice Party and non-Brahmin movement; Periyar E V Ramaswamy Naicker’s self-respect movement and anti-Hindi agitation; the formation of the Dravida Kazhagam in the mid-40s and the advocacy of the separate state of Dravida Nadu; the formation of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) under C N Annadurai in 1949; coming to power of the DMK in 1967 elections; and the domination of the DMK and its offshoot All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), founded in 1972, in the politics of Tamil Nadu.
The DMK gradually got domesticated because the Indian political system is resilient and provides sufficient space within which Tamil identity and regional autonomy could be protected and fostered. The change in DMK’s outlook was evident even before Annadurai formally renounced secessionism after the Sino-Indian conflict and the promulgation of the 16th Amendment that proscribed secessionism and required all candidates to uphold the constitution and unity of the country. The DMK/AIADMK stakes in India’s unity were further strengthened when the two regional parties started sharing power in the Centre. A vivid illustration of this political transformation is the spectacle when political leaders, who not so long ago used to burn the national flag and the constitution at every conceivable opportunity, do not have any qualms of conscience while formally unfurling the national flag on Independence and Republic Days.
The Sri Lankan scene presents an interesting contrast. An overview of Sri Lankan Tamil politics makes it evident that Tamil sub-nationalism had a momentum of its own and, in many ways, took a different trajectory from that of Tamil Nadu. Sri Lankan Tamils were reluctant secessionists. The Tamil political leaders in the early years of Independence never thought of a separate state. Their aspirations centred round internal, not external, self-determination. Federalism was their slogan. What is more interesting, all candidates who contested elections on the slogan of a separate state were decisively defeated till the mid-1970s.
When Tamil aspirations were ignored by Sinhala majority governments, frustration began to creep in and demands became more radical. The politics of Tamil opposition started with the demand for balanced representation and responsive co-operation which spanned the period from 1948 to 1956. The demand progressed to a federal state and non-cooperation during 1956-1972, escalated to separatist slogans during 1973-1976 and culminated in the demand for separate state in 1976. While in the earlier years the agitation was peaceful, both parliamentary and non-parliamentary, gradually it took a violent turn and began to spread like wildfire after the communal holocaust in July 1983. The growth of militancy was facilitated by the fact that moderate leaders like Amirthalingam, Sivasithamparam and Sambandan preferred to remain in Chennai. It resulted in a political vacuum in the Tamil areas, filled by the Tigers. The state repression was more than matched by the violence of Tamil guerrillas. Sri Lanka became one of the most notorious killing fields of the world.
Many Sinhalese leaders believe that the Eelam struggle was fanned and fuelled by the Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu. The well-known Sri Lankan historian Prof K M De Silva has written: “The DMK, effectively checked from pursuing its separatist goal in India, took vicarious pleasure in giving encouragement and support to separatist tendencies among the Tamils in Sri Lanka.” As I have stated above De Silva’s explanation is an oversimplification of a complex issue. Despite geographical proximity and close cultural linkages Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism had an autonomous momentum of its own.
The greatness of a nation, Mahatma Gandhi said, depends upon how secure the minorities feel in that country. Twelve days before his assassination, Gandhiji wrote in the Harijan: “All Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Parsees, Christians and Jews, who people the vast subcontinent and have adopted it as their dear motherland, have an equal right to it. No one has the right to say that it belongs to the majority community only and that the minority communities can only remain there as an underdog.” In the present moment of triumphalism, will president Mahinda Rajapaksa and his colleagues ponder over the implications of the Mahatma’s statement?
The writer is former senior professor, Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Madras.
Email:suryageeth@sify.com
Comments(19)
Very good article by Prof. Suryanarayan! However he is also one of the reasons, however small it is, for the calamity that Tamils face today.
Posted by Dr. Sammy at 08/08/2013 07:57 Reply to this Report abuse
The conflict between the Sinhalese & the Tamils started with repeated Tamil invasions (King Ellalan, Raja Raja Chola, Maghan, etc.)which pushed the Sinhalese towards the south,there are still archaeological evidence of Buddhist temples & Sinhalese names reminiscent of the presence of a Sinhalese civilisation of a bygone era,then came the Europeans,the Portugese, the Dutch, & finally the British who divided & ruled this small nation by giving privileges to minorities,this led to jealousies & hatred being created amongst the Sinhalese towards the Tamils,when the Britishers left the Sinhalese took over the government & gradually gave back the privileges lost to the Sinhalese, & making the Sinhala language the official language,this agitated the Tamils who were a privileged lot under the British Raj, & there leaders Mr.Chelvanayakam, & Ponnambalam demanded 50 / 50 & also federalism for over 1/3 of the land surface for a Tamil minority which was less than 20% of the population.
"Sinhalese names reminiscent of the presence of a Sinhalese civilisation of a bygone era,"- Who was Prince Viajayan? Why did the Ceylon government released commemorative stamp of his arrival, by boat. From where did he come? Who were in the island before he and his companions landed? How many given correctly to the effect that there were ONLY Sinhalese in the whole of island with one king and Tamils inavded and goty establised, that wqas oin those days of monarchy, expansion was an accepted mode of establishing or expanding empires.. Thus logically Tamils in modern time are entitled to get their histrical areas liberated. In short, Mr.PRASATIS, Sir, avolid talking of "bygone era".
The LTTE tamil tiger terrorists were spawned, armed and sent to wage terrorism by Indira Ghandi to destabilise Sri Lanka. Sri lanka is a small nation with only 20 million people (1/3 of the population of Tamil Nadu state alone). Federalism and provincial councils are a complete waste of time as there is simply no need for tiers and tiers of politicians to warm their backsides bankrolled by the tax payers money. Actions of Dravidian politicians clearly spell out their frustation at not being able to have separation and Eelam in India. The biggest favor India could do is to mind her own damn business and let Sri Lanka sort out our internal affairs.
"The LTTE tamil tiger terrorists were spawned, armed and sent to wage terrorism by Indira Ghandi to destabilise Sri Lanka" -Lankaperis. Ok, al, such matters were post 1983 genovcide of tamiis in the island by the majority Sinahelse. Before 1983, how did you Sinhalese treat tamils? There is no pointin repeating facts . In 1977 Tamils in Notrh and east voted for separate Thamizh Eezham. What followed was perfidy.by the GOI to the Tamil Eezham mandated TULFand to eliminate LTTE. BUT the spirit of Thamizh Eezham is there. still. . .
Multi ehnic nations have uneasy existence and are riven by conflicts.kurup
When Britain declared war on Germany the latter had not set foot in the former but Poland- many miles away. So, if Tamil Nadu politicians felt for their kinsmen being ‘demonized’ and trampled for just being Tamils, it is a natural reaction. When one speaks of Tamil nationalism it has to be viewed in the context of the Sinhala nationalism in which ordinary Tamils of Sri Lanka lived and endured the effects of it. A study by East-West Centre in Washington states, j "This study argues that political Buddhism and Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism have contributed to a nationalist ideology that has been used to expand and perpetuate Sinhalese Buddhist supremacy within a unitary Sri Lankan state; create laws, rules, and structures that institutionalize such supremacy; and attack those who disagree with this agenda as enemies of the state. (contd)
(continuation) "The nationalist ideology is influenced by Sinhalese Buddhist mytho-history that was deployed by monks and politicians in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries to assert that Sri Lanka is the designated sanctuary for Theravada Buddhism, belongs to Sinhalese Buddhists, and Tamils and others live there only due to Sinhalese Buddhist sufferance. This ideology has enabled majority super-ordination, minority subordination, and a separatist war waged by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)." These sentiments are expressed by others B. H. Farmer with extensive research experience in Sri Lanka says, “Since those saddening days of 1958 Ceylon has had its share of trouble.....The truth, though unpalatable may be to some, is simply that nobody unacceptable to the present Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism has any chance of constitutional power in contemporary Ceylon” .Ceylon: A Divided Nation. B. H. Farmer (contd)
(continuation) Amirthalingam, Sivasithamparam and Sambandan together with most TULF MPs were hunted down by the Sri Lankan forces. Sivasithamparan’s house was burnt and those who ransacked the house found a Buddha statue in the hall. Yogeswaran and his wife had to jump the fence and run for their lives when they were pursued by the forces. Thus, these MPs did not go to India of their own volition. Several Tamil civilians also joined them and some remain to this day. End
History of SriLanka
History of Sri Lanka
1. Respected Editor of THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS, woudl you pelase allow me Sir to reproduce a very interesting article under the heading " Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka: Suryanarayan s misinterpretations" by one Thiru.Asada M Erpini, appearing in the web journal " Lankaweb" in response to the above article authored by learned professor V.Suryanarayan" "The local media reproduced a report that had appeared in the New Indian Express (NIE) on 08th August 2013 penned by V Suryanarayan, a former senior professor of University of Madras. When talking of Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka, he points out, Tamil political leaders (of Sri Lanka) in the early years of independence never thought of a separate state , but only wanted federalism. He continues that the communal holocaust of July 83 led the violent demands that had gradually been building up to spread like wildfire. The true situation is far from what is alluded to by Suryanarayan. ( to continue)
2. It is very easy to portray that the killing of innocent Tamils in July 83 by “Sinhalese mobs” was the root cause of the Tamil youth, who otherwise would not have hurt a fly, taking up arms against the Sri Lankan state or to attach the label “moderate” to people of the caibre of Amirthalingam, Sivasithamparam and Sambandan as Suryanarayan has done. The moderation of many of the Tamil politicians is merely that they did not carry guns and attack the armed forces of Sri Lanka: apart from that, whatever that Sambandan and many of his present day Tamil National Alliance (TNA) colleagues as well as those who were in the forefront in Tamil politics in the past did was inimical to the unitary status of Sri Lanka. The separatist identify of the Northern Tamils, often put forward by their spokespersons based in Colombo, existed as far back as 1920, almost a century ago. The Tamil Chiefs in Jaffna and Batticaloa, during 1908-1912, ( to continue)
3. during 1908-1912, opposed the admission of Sinhalese or Moors to the Vanni although they themselves did not want to settle in the region “because of the unhealthy climate”. In 1918 the Jaffna Association demanded a 50:50 political representation (50% for the Sinhalese and 50% for the others). This was when the proportion of Tamils whose interests were presented by their representatives did not exceed 4% of the population. Ponnambalam in 1939 repeated the 50:50 demand (50% for the Sinhalese and 50% for the minorities). In 1949 Chelvanayakam (an immigrant from Malaysia), Vanniasingam and Naganathan established the Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kadchi (meaning Ilankai Tamil State Party) before the ink could dry on the paper granting independence to Ceylon. Although Suryanarayan in his write up suggests that the ignoring of Tamil aspirations by Sinhala majority governments was the factor that made the Tamil demands more radical,( to continue)
4. the extremist and separatist mentality of the Tamil political groups existed in one form another as long as one could remember. A good illustration of this mentality is the English name used by the this very same party of Chelvanayakam et al. in 1949: Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kadchi (meaning Ilankai Tamil State Party) became, for the consumption of the non-Tamil Sri Lankans, Federal Party in the English language. Further perpetuating the violent Tamil politics, the Vadukkoddai Resolution of 1972 called upon the Tamil youth to take up arms to win their mono-ethnic separate state for the Tamils, and promoted open armed insurrection. Many of the so-called Tamil moderates had no problem in keeping company with the violent youth as their bedfellows or in serving as the mouthpiece of the terrorists whose modus operandi was killing as many innocents as possible and anyone – Sinhala, Tamil or Moor – who did not tow their line. ( to continue)
5. The most unpardonable feature in Suryanarayan write up is his statement, “Many Sinhalese leaders believe that the Eelam struggle was fanned and fuelled by the Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu”. There is nothing to believe: it is a crystal clear, hard fact that the Tamil political leaders in Tamil Nadu provided finances to the LTTE, and many locations in Tamil Nadu served as training grounds for the LTTE and other Sri Lankan groups with the blessings of the Tamil Nadu politicians and under the guidance of the Indian military. The same Tamil leaders in Tamil Nadu even today keep on fanning the fires of hatred against the Sinhalese and Sri Lanka, and do not allow Sri Lanka to manage its own affairs. These moves are not because they love Sri Lanka’s Tamils and are determined to improve their lot, but shedding bucketfuls of tears at the ‘suffering’ that the Sri Lanka’s Tamils undergo is a convenient prop to steal the limelight ( to continue)
6. and continue to hoodwink the illiterate Tamil Nadu voters. Clearly, the political scientist in Suryanarayan has been living in another world during the past few decades, and more importantly, in the more recent years. Never a day passes without Jayalalitha or Karunanidhi, well supported at least in their anti-Sri Lanka stance by a coterie of individuals such as Vaiko, Nedumaran, Sreemaran, etc. threatening Sri Lanka or inveigling upon New Delhi to take a firm stand against Sri Lanka vis a vis the discrimination of Sri Lanka Tamils or of arresting Tamil Nadu fishermen who enter Sri Lanka’s territorial waters. In fact, the attacks on some Sri Lankan pilgrims and a Delhi-based student monk that occurred in Tamil Nadu a few months back and preventing the Sri Lanka cricket team from playing any matches of the recently concluded IPL in Tamil Nadu are classic examples of the Tamil Nadu politicians adding fuel to the fire of anti-Sri Lanka attitude that ( to continue)
7 they have managed to create in their state. What Sri Lanka badly needs today is Sri Lanka nationalism, and not nationalisms of individual ethnic or religious groups. Until all Sri Lankans are ready to accept that Sri Lanka, their mother country, is one nation, the poor country will continue to rot in divisive politics: many politicians in Tamil Nadu as well as some based in New Delhi will fuel the fires to ensure that they enjoy various benefits at the expense of the small island nation that is struggling hard to rebuild itself after the most ruthless terrorists in the world have had a field day for three decades to cause mayhem and kill anyone they chose."- Well, let us see if and how the learned professor would respond! THE GOI OBVIOUSLY MADE THE DIERTY MISTAKE OF APPEASING THE COLOMBO BASED SINHALESE RACISTS! HAVING SUCCEEDED TO HOODWINK THE TULF WHICH HAD BEEN DEMOCRATICALLY MANDATED TO ESTABLISH SOVEREIGN THAMIZH EEZHAM . ( to continue)
8. the GOI proceeded to seek to subdue the LTTE too and after inducting the IPKF it solught to kill Thiru.V..Prabahakarna and Thiru.Mathiah. Finally it has taken the GOI 22 years to use the Sinhalese army itself to eliminate the LTTE. Then the GOI followed a collusive diplomacy of supporting the Rajapakshe government to totally eclipse the remaining Tamils in the island and make them eternal slaves to the arrogant majority Sinhalese. which th author thiru. Asada M Erpini has called:"What Sri Lanka badly needs today is Sri Lanka nationalism, and not nationalisms of individual ethnic or religious groups." The Sinhalese are settled in the Tamil areas to reduce their numerical power. and exclusive identity as nation with their own territories. Let us wait for Professor Suryanarayan. as which way he will go? He is an Indian nationalist and he never supported anything like Tamil nationalism either here or in the islands.