Oxhide ingots on the Indus writing boat are archaeomtallurgical key to the cipher. How the hieroglyphs on Indus boat crack the Meluhha code of the writing system. (Updated with Meluhha rebus readings)
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/narrating-maritime-glory-of-bharatam.html
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One side of a Mohenjo-daro tablet. What was the cargo carried on the boat? I suggest that the cargo was Meluhha metalwork.
The shape of the pair of ingots on the boat (shown on the tablet) is comparable to following figures: 1. the ingot on which stands the Ingot-god (Enkomi); 2. Copper ingot from Zakros, Crete, displayed at the Heraklion Archaeological Museum But the script used on the tablet is NOT Cypro-Minoan or Cretan or Minoan but Meluhha:
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m1429 Prism tablet with Indus inscriptions on 3 sides.
karaṇḍa ‘duck’ (Sanskrit) karaṛa ‘a very large aquatic bird’ (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)
Side A: kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) ghariyal id. (Hindi)
kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) கராம் karām, n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.) కారుమొసలి a wild crocodile or alligator. (Telugu) Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)
[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Telugu)] Rebus: ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)
khār 1
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Mirror: https://www.academia.edu/10671528/Oxhide_ingots_on_the_Indus_writing_boat_are_archaeomtallurgical_key_to_the_cipher._How_the_hieroglyphs_on_Indus_boat_crack_the_Meluhha_code_of_the_writing_system._Updated_with_Meluhha_rebus_readings_
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While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots, it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin ingots were also discovered (Fawcett, N. & Zietsman, J.C. "Uluburun - the discovery and excavation of the world's oldest known shipwreck". Akroterion, Vol. 46 (2001): 5 - 20. , http://akrolerion.journals.za )
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/narrating-maritime-glory-of-bharatam.html
One side of a Mohenjo-daro tablet. What was the cargo carried on the boat? I suggest that the cargo was Meluhha metalwork.
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| Side A |
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| Side B |
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| Side C |
| Three Sided Moulded Tablet with a boat and croc Indus inscription Fired clay L.4.6 cm W. 1.2 cm Indus valley, Mohenjo-daro,MD 602, Harappan,ca 2600 -1900 B.C Islamabad Museum, Islamabad NMP 1384, Pakistan. |
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bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (Gujarati) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Kannada) Rebus: bangala = kumpaṭi = angāra śakaṭī = a chafing dish a portable stove a goldsmith’s portable furnace (Telugu) cf. bangaru bangaramu = gold (Telugu)
Side B:![]()
A pair of birds కారండవము [ kāraṇḍavamu ] n. A sort of duck. కారండవము [ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. कारंडव [kāraṇḍava ] m S A drake or sort of duck. कारंडवी f S The female. karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारण्ड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 கரண்டம் karaṇṭam, n. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy (metal)'. tamar ‘palm’ (Hebrew) Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ (Santali) dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Santali)
Rebus readings of the other 2 sides of the Mohenjo-daro tablet:Side A: kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) ghariyal id. (Hindi)
kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) கராம் karām, n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.) కారుమొసలి a wild crocodile or alligator. (Telugu) Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)
[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Telugu)] Rebus: ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)
khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार ; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन् , which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.) Side C: ![]()
Text 3246 on the third side of the prism. kāḍ काड् ‘, the stature of a man’ Rebus: खडा [ khaḍā ] m A small stone, a pebble (Marathi) dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)’shapes objects on a lathe’ (Gujarati) kanka, karṇaka ‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇaka ‘account scribe’. kārṇī m. ʻsuper cargo of a ship ʼ(Marathi)Alloy ingots![]()
A pair of ingots with notches in-fixed as ligatures.
ḍhālako ‘large ingot’. खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, wedge’; A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Marathi) khoṭ f ʻalloy (Lahnda) Thus the pair of ligatured oval glyphs read: khoṭ ḍhālako ‘alloy ingots’ PLUS dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'.
Forge: stone, minerals, gemstones![]()
khaḍā ‘circumscribe’ (M.); Rebs: khaḍā ‘nodule (ore), stone’ (M.) kolom ‘cob’; rebus: kolmo ‘seedling, rice (paddy) plant’ (Munda.) kolma hoṛo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolmo ‘rice plant’ (Mu.) Rebus: kolami ‘furnace,smithy’ (Telugu) Thus, the ligatured glyph reads: khaḍā ‘stone-ore nodule’kolami ‘furnace,smithy’. Alternatives: 1. koṛuŋ young shoot (Pa.) (DEDR 2149)
Rebus: kol iron, working in iron, blacksmith (Tamil) kollan blacksmith, artificer (Malayalam) kolhali to forge.(DEDR 2133).2. kaṇḍe A head or ear of millet or maize (Telugu) Rebus: kaṇḍa ‘stone (ore)(Gadba)’ Ga. (Oll.) kanḍ, (S.) kanḍu (pl. kanḍkil) stone (DEDR 1298). ![]()
kolmo ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘furnace,smithy’. Thus, the pair of glyphs may denote lapidary work – working with stone, mineral, gemstones.![]()
ayo ‘fish’ Rebus: ayas ‘metal’. kāru ‘crocodile’ Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’. Thus, together read rebus: ayakara ‘metalsmith’.![]()
kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali) karṇika id. (Samskritam) Rebus: kārṇī m. ʻsuper cargo of a ship ʼ(Marathi) ![]()
meḍ ‘body’, ‘dance’ (Santali) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)kāḍ काड् ‘, the stature of a man’ Rebus: खडा [ khaḍā ] m A small stone, a pebble (Marathi)
The vernacular in ancient India was Meluhha also called Mleccha. Hundreds of words of this language in Indus-Meluhha writing represented metal-/stone-work hieroglyphs. This was the linear ancestral language of most Indians. It later was known as Deśi or Prākṛts.
Source: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/12/tin-road-from-meluhha-to-ancient-near.html
Archaeometallurgical affirmation of the Indus writing cipher
Given the archaeological evidence for oxhide copper and tin ingots, this key argument of rebus readings of Meluhha glosses related to the hieroglyphs is archaeometallurgical reaffirmation of the cipher: Meluhha (aka Santali-Indian sprachbund) and use of the writing system on the two pure tin ingots of a shipwreck at Haifa.
23 Tin ingots in the Museum of Ancient Art of the Municipality of Haifa, Israel (left #8251, right #8252). The ingots each bear two inscribed Cypro-Minoan markings. (Note: I have argued that the inscriptions were Meluhha hieroglyphs (Indus writing) denoting ranku 'tin' dhatu 'ore'. See: The Bronze Age Writing System of Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two “Rosetta Stones” By S. Kalyanaraman in: Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies Volume 1: Number 11 (2010), pp. 47-74.)
ranku'liquid measure'; ranku'antelope' Rebus: ranku'tin' (Santali) dhatu 'cross' Rebus: dhatu'mineral ore' (Santali).
ran:ku = tin (Santali)
• ran:ku = liquid measure (Santali)
• ran:ku a species of deer; ran:kuka (Skt.)(CDIAL 10559).
• dāṭu = cross (Te.); dhatu = mineral (Santali)
• Hindi. dhāṭnā ‘to send out, pour out, cast (metal)’ (CDIAL 6771).
These two hieroglyphs were inscribed on two tin ingots discovered in port of Dor south of Haifa from an ancient shipwreck. They are allographs. Both are read in Meluhha (Mleccha) of Indian sprachbund: ranku ‘liquid measure’; ranku ‘antelope’.Rebus: ranku ‘tin’. An allograph to denote tin is: tagara ‘ram’ Rebus: tagara ‘tin’. Rebus: damgar ‘merchant’ (Akkadian)
tagara ‘ram’ Rebus: tagaram ‘tin’.
tagaraka tabernae montana (Skt.) Rebus: tagara ‘tin’ (Ka.)
ranku ‘antelope’Rebus: ranku = tin (santali)
tagara ‘ram’ Rebus: tagaram ‘tin’.
ranku ‘liquid measure’. Rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Cassiterite) (Santali)
Another tin ingot with comparable Indus writing was reported by Artzy:
Fig. 4 Inscribed tin ingot with a moulded head, from Haifa (Artzy, 1983: 53). (Michal Artzy, 1983, Arethusa of the Tin Ingot, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, BASOR 250, pp. 51-55) https://www.academia.edu/5476188/Artzy-1983-Tin-Ignot
The two hieroglyphs incised which compare with the two pure tin ingots discovered from a shipwreck in Haifa, the moulded head can be explained also as a Meluhha hieroglyph without assuming it to be the face of goddess Arethusa in Greek tradition: Hieroglyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) Rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Santali). The three hieroglyphs are: ranku 'antelope' Rebus: ranku 'tin' (Santali) ranku 'liquid measure' Rebus: ranku 'tin' (Santali). dāṭu = cross (Te.); dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā ‘to send out, pour out, cast (metal)’ (CDIAL 6771). [The 'cross' or X hieroglyph is incised on both ingots.]
The entire Indus script copora stands validated as metalwork catalogs of Meluhha artisans/traders on the Tin Road from Hanoi to Haifa, underscoring the role played by the world’s largest Tin belt of the Far East in the revolution of the Bronze Age in Ancient Near East (also Eurasia).
S.Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
February 10, 2015
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2012, Harosheth hagoyim – Smithy of Nations
2012, A theory for wealth of nations: Market economics overturns Adam Smith and Karl Marx
2012, Outrage for dharma: Pass on the heritage of resistance
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2013, Meluhha: A visible language
2013, Sagan finds Sarasvati: An illustrated novel
2013, Akkadian Rising Sun: An illustrated novel
2013, Indus Writing in ancient Near East: Corpora and a dictionary
2014, Indus Script: Meluhha metalwork hieroglyphs
2014, Philosophy of symbolic forms in Meluhha cipher
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